Analysis of the distribution and changes of Traditional Chinese Medicine resources / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To analyze the situation and changing trend of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)resources in China, for reference in rationalizing TCM service resources distribution.Methods:Data were collected from the China Health Statistics Yearbooks(2014-2021). The quantitative distribution and variations of TCM medical institutions as well as their beds and manpower in 31 provinces of China were analized by the ArcGis 10.8 software. Grey correlation analysis was used to analyze the factors that have a greater impact on the changes of TCM medical resources.Results:The number of TCM medical institutions, manpower and beds in China increased from 41 966, 894 690 and 794 160 in 2013 to 72 355, 1 513 024 and 1 432 900 in 2020 respectively. The ranking of the total TCM medical resources in each province remained relatively stable. Sichuan, Guangdong and Shandong ranked the highest, while the central and western regions ranked lower generally. TCM outpatient departments(clinics) contributed the most to the growing numbers of TCM medical institutions( r=0.96), while TCM medicine contributed the most to the growth of the number of TCM manpower and beds( r=0.65, r=0.66). Conclusions:The total TCM resources in China keep a rapid growth in recent years, yet with a relatively uneven distribution. Therefore, we should combine the actual situation at the grass-roots level, focuse on building a team of featured talents, improve the supervision and assessment system, perfect the talent training mechanism, strengthen the policy preference in key regions and the exemplary role of typical regions, to optimize the cultural atmosphere of TCM, and promote the development of TCM services.

Pattern of ecological planting for Chinese materia medica based on regional distribution / 中国中药杂志

As an environment-friendly agriculture, ecological agriculture of Chinese materia medica(CMM) is being implemented in all parts of the country. Due to the stronger dependence on natural environmental conditions, ecological agriculture of CMM shows obvious regional differences in production practice. More mature CMM ecological planting patterns representative of each region were collected. It was found that common types of patterns in various regions of the country mainly included intercropping,intercropping,rotation planting mode, undergrowth planting mode, wild tending planting mode and landscape ecological planting mode. Based on the Construction Plan of National Dao-di Herbs Production Base(2018-2025) and Chinese Medicine Division, this paper systematically sorts out the pattern of ecological planting of CMM in the 8-avenue medicinal materials production areas according to the varieties and regions. The specific pattern of ecological planting of CMM included the ginseng undergrowth planting pattern in northeastern China, the bionics wild ecological planting of the Forsythia suspensa in northern China, the Fritillaria thunbergii-rice rotation in eastern China, the imitation wild planting pattern under the Polygonatum cyrtonema in central China, the planting pattern of the Fructus amomi under forest in southern China, the Ligusticum chuanxiong-rice rotation pattern in the Southwest, wild tending of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in the Northwest, and rhubarb imitation wild planting pattern in Qinghai-Tibet area. Finally, it is expected to provide reference for the screening and popularization of ecological planting patterns of other CMMs in various distribution areas.

Epidemic features of coronavirus disease 2019 in Henan Province / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#To analyze the regional epidemic features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Henan Province, China.@*METHODS@#According to the data of COVID-19 patients and the resident population at the end of 2018 in Henan Province, statistical description and analysis of epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in Henan Province were conducted, including the time distribution, population distribution, and regional distribution.@*RESULTS@#The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in Henan Province was 1.32/100 000, the cure rate was 98.03%, and the fatality rate was 1.73% by March 9, 2020. The incidence curve showed that the epidemic peak reached from January 24 to January 28. The high-incidence area was Xinyang, with a standardized cumulative incidence rate of 4.36/100 000. There were 580 female COVID-19 patients (45.60%), 688 males (54.09%) in Henan Province. The incidence of males was 1.41/100 000, while the incidence of females was 1.23/100 000. The age with the highest incidence of COVID-19 in Henan Province was 20-69 years old (88.68%). The incidence rate was highest in men aged 30-39 (2.51/ 100 000), while the lowest rate in women aged 0-9 (0.16/100 000). There were 1 225 local patients (96.31%), and the rural patients (45.73%) were slightly higher than the urban patients (44.02%) in Henan Province. A total of 63.60% patients had traveled or lived in Hubei or contacted with people who came from Hubei to Henan. The proportion of patients whose family members suffered from COVID-19 was 32.70%. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis suggested that there was a statistically significant positive correlation in the spatial distribution of COVID-19 patients in Henan Province (Moran's =0.248, =2.955, <0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#There are differences in the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 patients in different areas of Henan Province, with epidemic peak reaching from January 24 to January 28. Henan is dominated by local patients, male patients, and patients with contact history in Hubei. The space appears to be moderately clustered.

Prevalence of'healthy lifestyle'in Chinese adults / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To examine the prevalence of'healthy lifestyle'from data extracted from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) of 0.5 million adults from ten areas across China.Methods After excluding participants with self-reported histories of coronary heart disease,stroke or cancer,a total of 487 198 participants at baseline (2004-2008) and 22 604 participants at second survey (2013-2014),were included for analysis.'Healthy lifestyle'was defined as haing the following characteristics:a) never smoking or having stopped smoking for reasons other than illness;b) alcohol drinking ＜25 g/day (men)/＜ 15 g/day (women);c) diet rich in vegetables,fruits,legumes and fish,but low in red meat;d) upper quarter of the physical activity level;e) body mass index of 18.5-23.9 kg/m2 and waist circumstance ＜85 cm (men)/80 cm (women).We calculated the healthy lifestyle scores (HLS) by counting the number of all the healthy lifestyle factors,with a range from 0 to 6.Results At baseline,prevalence rates of the above five healthy lifestyles (except physical activity) were 70.6％,92.6％,8.7％,52.6％ and 59.0％,respectively,with the mean HLS being 3.1± 1.2.Most participants (81.4％) had 2-4 healthy components,while only 0.7％ (0.2％ in men and 1.0％ in women) of all the participants had all six healthy lifestyles.Participants who were women,at younger age,with more schooling and rural residents,were more likely to adhere to the healthy lifestyle.After ten years,the mean HLS showed a slight decrease.Conclusion The prevalence of optimal lifestyles in Chinese adults appeared extremely low.Levels of'healthy lifestyle'varied greatly among those populations with different socio-demographic characteristics across the ten areas in China.

Prevalence of'healthy lifestyle'in Chinese adults / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To examine the prevalence of'healthy lifestyle'from data extracted from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) of 0.5 million adults from ten areas across China.Methods After excluding participants with self-reported histories of coronary heart disease,stroke or cancer,a total of 487 198 participants at baseline (2004-2008) and 22 604 participants at second survey (2013-2014),were included for analysis.'Healthy lifestyle'was defined as haing the following characteristics:a) never smoking or having stopped smoking for reasons other than illness;b) alcohol drinking ＜25 g/day (men)/＜ 15 g/day (women);c) diet rich in vegetables,fruits,legumes and fish,but low in red meat;d) upper quarter of the physical activity level;e) body mass index of 18.5-23.9 kg/m2 and waist circumstance ＜85 cm (men)/80 cm (women).We calculated the healthy lifestyle scores (HLS) by counting the number of all the healthy lifestyle factors,with a range from 0 to 6.Results At baseline,prevalence rates of the above five healthy lifestyles (except physical activity) were 70.6％,92.6％,8.7％,52.6％ and 59.0％,respectively,with the mean HLS being 3.1± 1.2.Most participants (81.4％) had 2-4 healthy components,while only 0.7％ (0.2％ in men and 1.0％ in women) of all the participants had all six healthy lifestyles.Participants who were women,at younger age,with more schooling and rural residents,were more likely to adhere to the healthy lifestyle.After ten years,the mean HLS showed a slight decrease.Conclusion The prevalence of optimal lifestyles in Chinese adults appeared extremely low.Levels of'healthy lifestyle'varied greatly among those populations with different socio-demographic characteristics across the ten areas in China.

Research on regional distribution and industrial status analysis of genuine medicinal resources of flowers in Henan province / 中国中药杂志

Flower medicinal materials usually refer to Chinese medicinal materials with a complete flower,inflorescence,or part of a flower as the different medicinal parts,they have an important share in the Chinese herbal medicine market and appeared frequently in Chinese medicine prescriptions. Firstly,the species and regional distribution of the flower medicinal materials resources in China were briefly summarized. Secondly,the characteristics,yield,producing area and origin distribution of the main flower medicinal materials in Henan province were discussed. Finally,the present situation and the main problems of the flower medicinal materials industry in Henan province were comprehensively analyzed,and the corresponding industrial development countermeasures were put forward.This research was intended to provide decision-making demonstration and scientific basis for the rational exploitation and utilization of resources,breeding of new varieties,planting division,production layout and the healthy and sustainable development of the flower medicinal materials industry in Henan province.

Information analysis of patients with allopatry direct settlement of medical insurance at an oncology hospital / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To propose on and improve direct settlements by medical insurance offices and hospital systems in their processing of medical treatment in allopatry (MTA), by analyzing such data as the homepages of medical records of such inpatients at a tertiary cancer hospital with their medical expenses settled directly. Methods Data of 6 379 MTA inpatients with direct settlements of in-hospital fees from April 2017 to March 2018 were included in this study. Such data were used to identify the change trend of their case counts and their regional distribution, and analyzed with hierarchical clustering to calculate the settlement counts of various provinces. Results Analyses found that the total cases of such patients remained stable at the hospital, yet the cases of direct settlement rose from five to 1 263, and the proportion of direct settlement among all MTA inpatients rose month by month from 0.14% to 29.26%. Most of MTA inpatients come from Hebei, Shandong, Inner Mongolia and Shanxi provinces in turn, yet the direct settlement counts and hospitalization case trends appear different. Clustering results indicate Hebei as the type-1 province with the highest proportion of direct settlement inpatients, accounting for 30. 41% ;Shandong, Inner Mongolia and Shanxi as the type-2 provinces, accounting for 15. 05% , 13. 45% and 11.00% respectively; Liaoning, Henan and Heilongjiang as the type-3 provinces, accounting for 6.79% , 4.81% and 4.42% respectively; while the rest provinces as the type-4, accounting for less than 3%. Conclusions Regional distribution varies distinctively among such inpatients, and the number of these inpatients keeps rising stably. In such circumstances, hospitals are recommended to enhance their management in strengthening medical insurance audit systems, speeding up settlement, and building regional medical alliances.

Multilevel logistic regression analysis on hypercholesterolemia related risk factors among adults in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among Chinese adults in different geographic areas, and to analyze the related factors.@*Methods@#China Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance was conducted in 2013, based on 298 counties/districts in 31 provinces of Chinese mainland. The adults aged 18 years old were randomly selected using multi-stage stratified clustering sampling method. Information on chronic disease and risk factors was collected using face-to-face questionnaire interview and physical measurement. Blood samples were collected by local staffs. Serum total cholesterol (TC) was determined using standard method in a central laboratory. After excluding 565 participants missing key variables and 1 558 participants with abnormal TC values, a total of 174 976 participants were included. Weighted prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was calculated. Hypercholesterolemia related individual or geographic determinants were defined using multilevel logistic regression.@*Results@#The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Chinese adults age 18 years old and above was 6.9% (95%CI: 6.4%-7.3%), ranged from 3.0% (95%CI: 2.5%-3.4%) in the northwest of China to 14.2% (95%CI: 12.9%-15.5%) in the south (χ2=183.42, P<0.001). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was higher in 6 provinces including Tianjin, Liaoning, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan (≥9.0%), but lower in 7 provinces including Shanxi, Shannxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Tibet (<3.9%). There was a 1.27 fold variation in hypercholesterolemia prevalence by provincial level, and 72.5% of the geographical variation in hypercholesterolemia prevalence was account for by area-level determinants. With multilevel logistic analysis, the individual risk factors associated with hypercholesterolemia included aging, higher education level or annual household income per capita, regular drinking, too much red meal intake, inactivity, overweight or obesity. For geographic factors, residents living at south China, counties/districts with higher urbanization rates, higher education level or lower standardized death rates were more likely to have hypercholesterolemia (all P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was high in Chinese adults, it was different between regions and related with characteristics of population, individual behaviors and geographical regions.

Preliminary monitoring of concentration of particulate matter (PM) in seven townships of Yangon City, Myanmar

BACKGROUND@#Airborne particulate pollution is more critical in the developing world than in the developed countries in which industrialization and urbanization are rapidly increased. Yangon, a second capital of Myanmar, is a highly congested and densely populated city. Yet, there is limited study which assesses particulate matter (PM) in Yangon currently. Few previous local studies were performed to assess particulate air pollution but most results were concerned PM alone using fixed monitoring. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess distribution of PM in different townships of Yangon, Myanmar. This is the first study to quantify the regional distribution of PM in Yangon City.@*METHODS@#The concentration of PM was measured using Pocket PM Sensor (Yaguchi Electric Co., Ltd., Miyagi, Japan) three times (7:00 h, 13:00 h, 19:00 h) for 15 min per day for 5 days from January 25 to 29 in seven townships. Detailed information of eight tracks for PM pollution status in different areas with different conditions within Kamayut Township were also collected.@*RESULTS@#The results showed that in all townships, the highest PM concentrations in the morning followed by the evening and the lowest concentrations in the afternoon were observed. Among the seven townships, Hlaingtharyar Township had the highest concentrations (164 ± 52 μg/m) in the morning and (100 ± 35 μg/m) in the evening. Data from eight tracks in Kamayut Township also indicated that PM concentrations varied between different areas and conditions of the same township at the same time.@*CONCLUSION@#Myanmar is one of the few countries that still have to establish national air quality standards. The results obtained from this study are useful for the better understanding of the nature of air pollution linked to PM. Moreover, the sensor which was used in this study can provide real-time exposure, and this could give more accurate exposure data of the population especially those subpopulations that are highly exposed than fixed station monitoring.

Prevalence of reduced visual acuity among Chinese Han students in 2014 / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of reduced visual acuity (VA) and to examine the association between reduced visual acuity and influencing factors among Chinese Han students, so as to provide bases for the prevention and treatment of reduced visual acuity.Methods: Subjects were from 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH).In this survey, 261 832 Han students aged 7-22 years participated.Unaided distance VA was measured using a retro-illuminated lgMAR chart with tumbling-E optotypes.Ametropia was determined by using serial bronchoscopy.Logistic regression was used to assess the association between reduced visual acuity and influencing factors.ArcMap 10 was used to map the regional distribution of reduced visual acuity.Results: Nationwide, the overall prevalence of reduced visual acuity was 66.6%, and was highest among the urban girls (73.5%).The prevalence of myopia was 60.8% and accounted for more than 90% among the students with reduced visual acuity.Compared with 2010 CNSSCH, the increments of reduced visual acuity were highest in the students aged 13-15 years (6.8 percentage points).The prevalence of reduced visual acuity ranged from 50.6% to 76.2% in each province (autonomous region, municipality) in 2014 CNSSCH.The top three of the prevalence of reduced visual acuity were Jiangsu (76.2%), Zhejiang (76.0%) and Shandong (75.9%), and the lowest three were Hainan (50.6%), Guizhou (53.9%) and Xinjiang (57.6%).Logistic regression showed that the girls, urban students, and students who spent ≥2 h per day in their after school homework were more likely to develop reduced visual acuity, but the students with physical activity time ≥2 h per day were less likely to develop reduced visual acuity.Conclusion: Although the situation was different in each province (autonomous region, municipality), reduced visual acuity has become a public concern affecting the health of students in China.Based on the intervention on the key populations, such as urban girls and pre adolescent students, we should also continue to strengthen the prevention and control for reduced visual acuity among all students.

Regional distribution and resource allocation of intraocular lens diopter in cataracts on Lifeline Express / 眼科新进展

Objective To investigate the better medical resource allocation scheme by analyzing the overall situation and regional characteristics of intraocular lens diopter in cataract patients on Lifeline Express.Methods The total of 27 663 patients data from seven administrative regions of China on cataract surgery in China Lifeline Express from 2014 to 2016 were collected.All diopter values of IOL were recorded to grasp the overall distribution of IOL diopter in cataract patients,and the distributive difference among administrative regions was analyzed.Results The distribution of IOL diopter in 27 663 cataract patients presented a skewed trend,with peak value in 21-＜22 D.The greater frequency of IOL diopter was mainly concentrated in 19-＜24 D,accounting for 72.48％ of the total.The IOL diopter peak was present in 22-＜ 23 D in Northeast China,North China,Central China,East China,and the overall waveform offset to a large degree direction.The IOL diopter peak was present in 21-＜ 22 D in Northwest,Southwest,South China,and the overall waveform showed the trend of small degree direction.The occurrence frequency of IOL with diopter ＜ 10 D was significantly more obvious in Northwest,Northeast China,North China and East China.At the same time,the occurrence frequency of IOL with diopter ≥25 D was significantly more obvious in Central China,Northeast China,East China,North China.Conclusion The IOL diopter values of cataract patients in different administrative regions present a skewed distribution and there are subtle differences between different regions.The results can provide the basis for resource allocation for large scale cataract surgery in each area.

Suicide rate trends in China from 2002 to 2015 / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:This study aimed to present the time trend of suicide rate in people aged 5 years and over in China from 2002 to 2015,and to describe the rural and urban distribution,and population characteristics of suicide rate in recent 13 years.Methods:The data of suicide rate were based on the China Health Statistics Yearbook published by the National Health and Family Planning Commission (formerly as the Ministry of Health) of the Peoples Republic of China.Poisson regression models were used to test the time trend of the general suicide rate,and region-,gender-and age-specific suicide rates.Results:Since 2002,the suicide rates in urban population,rural population,male and female have decreased significantly.Urban population had higher decreasing trend than rural population,and female had higher decreasing trend than male.Suicide rates in women of reproductive age (15 -49 years) both in rural and urban areas had significantly decreasing trends,and were lower than male with same ages in recent years.There was no statistical difference of the decreasing trend in rural population aged 85 years and over,or young male population in rural area.The annual average suicide rate from 2012 to 2015 was 6.75/100 000.Rural population,male and the older persons had higher suicide rate.Conclusion:The overall suicide rate decreased over the period of 2001-2015.However,it is still important to carry out suicide prevention program,especially in rural area,and in older persons and young male.

Analysis on regional distribution characteristics and changing trend of Chinese patent medicine industry / 中国中药杂志

Through the collection and collation of the industrial sales output values of Chinese patent medicines in 31 provinces of China from 2005 to 2014,the regional distribution characteristics and changing trend of Chinese patent medicine industry in the past ten years were analyzed by using the descriptive statistical analysis method in statistics.The results showed that the industrial sales output values of Chinese patent medicines in Jilin, Shandong, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Guangdong accounted for the largest proportion of the country, while Ningxia accounted for only 0.04% of the whole country. Anhui Province had the largest fluctuations in data, and its coefficient of variation was as high as 102.03%.The average annual growth rate of the industrial sales output value of Chinese patent medicines was lowest in Ningxia, only －1.09%.Based on the statistical analysis of the industrial sales output value of Chinese patent medicines in four major economic regions, the data concentration trend was as follows： east> west> central> northeast; the data fluctuation trend was northeast> central> west> east, and the average annual growth rate from large to small was northeast> central> west> east.This study was conducive to understand the differencesin the industrial sales output value of Chinese patent medicines among various provinces and economic regions,and to lay the foundation for the correct understanding and in-depth exploration of the factors that may affect the industrial sales output value of Chinese patent medicines.This study has reference value for the management and economic research of traditional Chinese medicine resources.

Regional distribution of propofol at different doses in the brain during propofol anesthesia in neonatal rats / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To investigate the proper dose of propofol injected intraperitoneally ( i.p.) in neonatal rats and to study the regional distribution of propofol at different doses in the neonatal brain.Methods Part I:Sixty postnatal 7-day-old rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, which received different doses of propofol injected i.p.The behavior, anesthetic intervals and arterial blood gas were recorded.Part II: Twenty neonatal rats were randomly divided into 2 groups:anesthesia group ( group A) and sedation group ( group S) , and were injected propofol i.p.at the proper dose ac-cording to the results of Part I.Rats were decapitated when they reached the ideal anesthesia depth.The regional concen-tration of propofol in different regions of the brain was examined by high performance liquid chromatography.Results 25 mg/kg propofol i.p.was the sedate dose for neonatal rats, while 75 mg/kg i.p.was the anesthetic dose.In the group S, the concentration of propofol in the thalamus was significantly higher than in other regions (P<0.05), while in the group A, the concentrations of propofol in the frontal and parietal cortex were obviously lower, and the concentrations of propofol in the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus were obviously higher than that in other regions (P<0.05).Conclusions Propo-fol is a suitable anesthetic for neonatal rats and its distribution in the brain is quite different when given at different doses.

Practice patterns in communities after resident training in a university hospital

BACKGROUND: The expansion and strengthening of primary care is approved as the only method to revise the ineffective health care system in Korea. In such a system, we intended to analyze the functional and regianal distribution of specialists by investigating and classifying the hospitals where residents who completed their training in a university hospital located in Seoul for seven years are working and by acquiring the distribution of the subjects who are practicing as primary care physicians by year, specialties and location. METHODS: We selected 384 specialists, all of whom were trained as residents at a university hospital located in Seoul from 1987 to 1993. The hospitals they worked at were classified as primary, secondary and tertiary care hospitals according to the classification in the health care administration. The location of primary care hcspitals among them was plotted an two maps; one of Seoul, the other of Korea. RESULTS: The number of females in the subjects was 68(17.7%) and that of males 316(82.3%). The number of practitianers was 156(40.6%) and that of specialists working at the secondary care hospitals was 55(14.3%), and 147 specialists were working at the tertiary care hospitals(38.3%). With regard to the pereentage of practitioners, dermatologic specialists presented with 60%, and relatively high group included obstetrics and gynecology(59.2%), family medicine(54.5%), plastic surgery(52.6%), otolaryngology (52.0%), pediatrics(51.7%), and orthopedics(48.6%).In tertiary care hospital, chest surgery showed 72.7% as highest. Radiologic ancology presented with 66.7% and anatamical pathology with 66.7%. As to the location of primary care hospitals, 41.0% were in Seoul and 38.5% in Kyungkido. And the rest of the 20. 5% were located in other areas of Korea. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the results of the study that show a great number of specialists are actually practicing as primary care physicians after their specialists training, the present training system of specialists needs to be revised and cantrolled in structure.